先日、私たちを熱烈応援して下さる方から、公明党の歴史に触れ、原点ともいえる実績について、改めて確認したいとのお話を頂きました。
そして、具体的には、「教科書無償配布」についてであり、今の親御さんたちが当たり前に思うことが実はそうではなかったことを知らせて欲しいというものでした。
そこで、公明新聞に2010年6月5日付けに掲載された記事を、転載させて頂きたいと思います。
これは、「義務教育の無償」への大きな前進でした。そのドラマの一端をご覧下さい。
公明党の国政進出は参院から始まった――。
1956年(昭和31年)の参院選で、「“まさか”が実現」(7月9日付「朝日」大阪本社版夕刊)と報じられた大阪地方区(現選挙区)での初議席獲得など、公明系無所属の3人が初当選した。以来、半世紀以上にわたり「大衆とともに」を信条に、政治を変える原動力として多くの実績を勝ち得てきた。「参院公明 政治を変えた“原点”物語」の第1回は、庶民の教育費の負担軽減に取り組んだ「義務教育教科書の無償配布」実現の闘いを紹介する(敬称略)。
『小学1年~中学3年までの「完全実施」の実現は公明の質問が“決定打”だった』
「41年度には完全実施 首相『教科書無償』で答弁」(読売)。1963年(昭和38年)3月13日の新聞各紙の夕刊1面には、大きな見出しが躍っていた。その日午前、参院公明(当時は公明会)の柏原ヤス(故人)が本会議で教科書無償配布の完全実施を迫り、首相の池田勇人に決断させたことを報じた記事だった。
当初、「段階的な実施」という“小出し”で逃げていた政府が、小学1年から中学3年までの教科書無償配布を「首相が政府全体の方針として言明したのははじめて」(朝日)だった。
これらの新聞を読み終えた柏原は、かつて小学校の教員だった時代の出来事を思い出していた。
□ ■
「先生! この教科書いくらですか? わたし買います! みんなと同じように買いたいんです!」。そう言って詰め寄る少女の瞳は涙であふれていた――。
春、新学期。真新しい教科書を手にして喜ぶ小学生の中で、その少女だけが暗い顔をしていた。少女の家は生活保護を受けており、教科書は国から特別に“支給”されていた。ところが、それが友達に知れ、「おうちが貧乏だから買えないんだって……」などといったヒソヒソ話がクラス中に広がってしまったのだ。
「おもちゃも、お菓子も、何もいらない。でも、教科書は自分で買いたい!」。少女は悔しくて、自宅にあった陶器製の貯金箱を壊して小銭を数えたが、数十円足りなかった。「これ教科書代です! 足りない分は、後で必ず払います。教科書を売ってください!」。必死に訴える少女の姿が柏原の目に焼き付いた。
「憲法では義務教育の無償をうたっている。せめて教科書代だけでも無料にしなければ……。あの娘のような、つらい思いを、二度と繰り返してはならない」。後に参院議員となる柏原にとって、決して忘れられない、胸痛む体験だった。
□ ■
教科書無償配布実現への闘いは、56年(同31年)の国政初進出時から始まった。憲法は「義務教育の無償」を定めており、保護者の負担軽減を重要政策の一つに掲げたのだ。
国会質問では63年(同38年)1月の参院本会議で初めて取り上げた。そして、消極的だった政府に完全実施を決断させる“決定打”となったのが、3月13日の柏原質問だった。
「公明会を代表して質問いたします!」。凛とした姿で迫力のある声が議場に響き渡った。柏原は「何はさておいても中学3年までの教科書代を無償にすべきです!」と詰め寄った。場内からは「そうだっ!」との声援が数多く飛んだ。
首相は、ついに「憲法の理想を実現することに努め、昭和41年度までには義務教育の教科書を全部出したい」と明言したのだった。
その後、教科書無償配布は63年度(同38年度)から段階的に実施され、途中、政府の対応の遅れで、ようやく69年度(同44年度)に全小・中学校の児童・生徒を対象に完全実施された。
□ ■
後日、柏原は、教員時代のあの少女から手紙を受け取っている。子を持つ母となり、教科書無償配布の実現を喜ぶ感謝の手紙だった。それは、「一人を大切にする政治」が参院公明の“原点”として結実した証しでもあった。
『昔も今も、公明党は地方と国を結ぶネットワーク政党』
1963年度(昭和38年度)から段階的にスタートした教科書無償配布は、翌64年度(同39年度)時点で「小学1年~同3年」が対象だった。当然、小学4年以上の子を持つ保護者は、引き続き“出費”を余儀なくされた。こうした中、国政段階の取り組みに呼応して、地方議会公明党も必死の闘いを展開した。
◆
以前は炭鉱で栄えた北海道歌志内市――。60年代前半から廃鉱が相次ぎ、人口が急減していた。収入の少ない“ヤマ”の人たちには、教科書代などの教育費負担が重くのしかかっていた。
「国の施策で恩恵を受けられない家庭には、市が独自に光を当てるべきだ」。一人の公明党市議が立ち上がった。無償配布の必要性を市長や他の市議に説いて回った結果、市は64年度(同39年度)から、独自に「小学4年~中学3年」を対象に加え、教科書無償配布の完全実施を国に先駆けて実現したのだった。しかも、こうした動きは地方議会公明党の力で各地に広がり、埼玉県の所沢、川口、大宮(当時)の各市、東京都東村山市、大阪府泉大津市なども、相次いで独自に対象年齢を拡大していった。
◆
公明党の前身である公明政治連盟(公政連)は、61年(同36年)に結成され、参院議員9人と地方議員270人超でスタートした。そして64年(同39年)の公明党結成時には、国会・地方議会で1200人を超える議員を擁し、既に“ネットワーク”政党としての機能を存分に発揮していたのである。
公明党の誇りは、目線の低さにあります。この政治のボトムアップのために、庶民の一人のために、一人の声を政治の現場に届ける使命は、今後もいささかも変わることはありません。
まさに価値観が複雑多様化していても、庶民の息遣いが変わることはないと思います。政治の原資になる予算は縮小されても、庶民の心に届く政策は必ずあるのだという信念で、公明党の歴史の一端を担っていきたいと思います。
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