集団訴訟法案/消費者被害の新救済法/悪徳商法トラブルの泣き寝入り防止
消費者がトラブルに巻き込まれたときの新しい救済方法として整備が求められていた「消費者集団訴訟法」案が、19日に閣議決定されました。この法案は、悪徳商法トラブルからの泣き寝入りを防止し、消費者の被害回復を民事裁判で確実に行うことをめざしています。
消費者には多くの権利が認められているものの、企業など事業者による権利侵害から消費者を救済する民事裁判は、最後の手段であるにもかかわらず、国民にとって容易に利用できる制度でないのが実情です。
弁護士が必要。時間も訴訟費用もかかる。精神的負担も大きい。事業者側の契約不履行や過失などを消費者側が証明する作業も、商品知識を十分に持っていないため困難を伴います。
この法案が想定している消費者被害は、語学学校の受講契約を途中で解約したのに清算に応じてもらえないとか、購入したマンションが耐震基準を満たさず修理費用の請求が必要な場合、また、現物まがい商法のような詐欺的な悪質商法など、同種の被害が多発するケースであり、過去の事例に学ぶものです。
こうした場合、同種の被害ながら、個々の被害者がそれぞれ訴訟を提起して被害の回復を図らなければならない現状は、まさに泣き寝入りの原因と言えます。法案は、政府が認定する特定適格消費者団体が被害者に代わって事業者を訴えることを可能にしました。
この訴訟は、1段階目で事業者に金銭支払いの義務があると認められれば、2段階目として、誰に、いくら払うかを決める手続きに入る。支払いを受けたい被害者は2段階目から参加すればよく、しかも具体的な手続きは特定適格消費者団体が行うというもの。
消費者庁の消費生活ウォッチャー調査(2010年)を見ると、これまで被害に遭ったとき、実際に訴訟を提起した人は0・8%にすぎません。「相談はしたが特に行動はとらなかった」が39・0%、「自身の手で事業者に直接申し入れた」が38・6%が現状です。
最も強力な救済方法である民事裁判が十分に機能することなく、泣き寝入りを強いられるような社会は健全ではない。悪徳商法がはびこる一因であるとすれば看過できません。
この法案に対し、経済界から「乱訴につながる」「企業が萎縮する」との懸念があるようです。しかし、巨額の賠償金が認められる米国の消費者訴訟とは仕組みが違います。この法案には、乱訴禁止の規定もあり、支払い義務も商品の値段までで、慰謝料は請求できない仕組です。
この新しい救済方法の確立によって、市場に対する消費者の信頼が高まれば、消費拡大の期待も生まれる。早期成立が望まれます。
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