今日頂いたお電話に「成年被後見人の選挙権」についてがありました。
これは、3月14日の東京地裁(定塚誠裁判長)の選挙権確認請求事件に対する判決についてであり、成人の日本国民である原告(茨城県牛久市 名児耶匠氏)が、民法7条の後見開始の審判を受けて成年後見人になったところ、公職選挙法11条1項1号が成年被後見人は選挙権を有しないと規定していることから、選挙権を付与しないこととされたため、上記の公職選挙法11条1項1号の規定はね憲法15条3項、14条1項等の規定に違反して無効であるとして、行政事件訴訟法4条の当事者訴訟として、原告が次回の衆議院選挙及び参議院選挙において投票することができる地位にあることの確認を求めた裁判です。
判決は、成年被後見人は選挙権を有するとして投票することができる地位を確認しました。
この争点は、①この訴えについて「法律上の争訟」に該当しないから却下されるべきと門前の争点と ②成年被後見人は選挙権を有しないとする公職選挙法11条1項1号の規定は憲法に違反して無効を争うものです。
判決は、①について、立法府は憲法に適合する範囲でいつでも新たな立法をすることができ、司法が違憲立法審査権わ行使したからと言って、直ちに立法府の最良の余地を奪わないとして、本訴訟は裁判所の権限であり義務としました。
次に、②については、「そもそも選挙権は、国民の国政への機会を保障する基本的権利として、議会制民主主義の根幹をなすものであり、一定年齢に達した国民のすべてに平等に与えられるべき」として、憲法の趣旨は、「国民の選挙権又はその行使を制限することは原則として許されず、制限するときは『やむを得ない』と認められる事由が必要」と述べた。
更に、『やむを得ない事由』のあるか否かは、確かに選挙は選挙権を行使するに足る能力を必要で、事理の弁識する能力を欠く者に選挙権を付与しないも立法目的の合理性を欠くものと言えないとしました。
次いで、「しかしながら」をもって、民法は成年被後見人を事理の弁識する能力を欠くものと位置付けていないを例示して、成年後見制度の目的は、自らの財産等を適切に管理処分する能力が乏しいものが不利益を被ることを防止する制度と明確にしました。
更に、成年被後見人も選挙を通じて民主主義の根本理念を実現されるべきとしました。くわえて、成年後見制度の沿革は禁治産者制度であり、禁治産者に対する欠格条項は撤廃されていることを知るし、外国の例示をおこないました。
最後に、「やむを得ない」ことの立法裁量と健保の関係を論じて、「選挙権」自体は「やむを得ない」事由がなくとも制限して構わないとことは考えられないとしました。
この判決要旨を読む限り、「如何なる状況の成年被後見人であれ、成年後見制のもとでは選挙権を奪われることはない」が本件を検討する意義であることが分かります。よって、公明党の主張通り、速やかに選挙権は全ての成年被後見人に対して付与されるべきであると考えます。
ついては、公職選挙法11条1項1号を削除し、その上で、不正投票を防ぐ措置を手当てすべきだと考えます。ここを混同せず国民の主権と施行法の実務を明確にすることが求められているものです。
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